This collection of papers was developed from the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (IVR) World Congress in Bucharest, Romania in 2022. The essays take a fresh look at the nature and authority of conscience, and to consider the extent to which the law should recognize claims of conscience. The contributions have been curated into three main sections, moving from more general philosophical questions, to fundamental jurisprudential concerns, and then to specific dilemmas of conscience faced today.