Marcus Mosiah Garvey (1887 – 1940) was a Jamaican political activist, publisher, entrepreneur and orator who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1914. He was one of the first black leaders to encourage black people to discover their cultural traditions and history, and to seek common cause in the struggle for freedom and political recognition. He became a leading pan-Africanist in the United States, where he urged black Americans to return to Africa and preached solidarity among blacks around the world. Compiled, and with an introduction by his widow Amy Jacques Garvey, 'The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey' (1923) discusses his philosophy and includes many of his essays and speeches.